Course 1 • Cardiology • Module 6

Valvular Heart Disease, Murmurs & Structural Disease

Use history, examination and echocardiography to identify major valve lesions and recognize when urgent or specialist intervention is required.

3 study sessionsDetailed topic reviewStudy content only
Module format: each study session covers what to learn, how the presentation appears clinically, investigation/management priorities, safety issues and common MCCQE traps.

Module 6 — Topic map

  • Approach to systolic and diastolic murmurs and bedside maneuvers
  • Aortic stenosis: classic symptoms, examination, echo severity and intervention concepts
  • Aortic regurgitation: acute versus chronic presentation and management principles
  • Mitral stenosis: rheumatic disease, atrial fibrillation and thromboembolic complications
  • Mitral regurgitation: primary/secondary causes, acute MR and chronic management
  • Tricuspid and pulmonic valve disease
  • Prosthetic valves and anticoagulation considerations
  • Infective endocarditis: risk factors, blood cultures, echocardiography, major complications and when to suspect surgical disease
  • Endocarditis prevention principles in high-risk cardiac conditions
Chronic + Acute CarePhysical diagnosisInvestigationReferral / management

Study Session 6.1 — Murmur Approach & Aortic Valve Disease

Focused MCCQE cardiovascular study session

60 min

Core topics & learning goals

  • Use timing, location, radiation, intensity and maneuvers to classify murmurs.
  • Recognize aortic stenosis symptoms and classic examination findings.
  • Differentiate acute and chronic aortic regurgitation.
  • Use echocardiography to confirm valve anatomy/severity.

Clinical recognition & investigation

  • Recognize syncope, angina and dyspnea as high-risk symptoms in severe AS.
  • Consider bicuspid valve and associated aortopathy in younger patients.

Management & patient-safety priorities

  • Refer symptomatic severe valve disease for intervention assessment.
  • Treat acute severe AR as an emergency.

MCCQE exam traps

  • Murmur intensity does not always track severity, particularly in low-flow states.
  • Do not reassure exertional syncope with a harsh systolic murmur.

Study Session 6.2 — Mitral / Tricuspid Valve Disease & Prosthetic Valves

Focused MCCQE cardiovascular study session

60 min

Core topics & learning goals

  • Recognize mitral stenosis, primary/secondary MR and tricuspid regurgitation.
  • Understand AF and embolic risk in mitral stenosis.
  • Recognize acute MR after MI or endocarditis.
  • Know basic prosthetic-valve complications and anticoagulation considerations.

Clinical recognition & investigation

  • Use JVP, pulmonary findings, murmur changes and echo to assess severity.
  • Distinguish functional MR/TR caused by chamber dilation from primary leaflet disease.

Management & patient-safety priorities

  • Control congestion/rhythm when appropriate and refer significant symptomatic disease.
  • Urgently assess acute severe MR with pulmonary edema or shock.

MCCQE exam traps

  • New MR after MI can reflect papillary muscle rupture and demands urgent action.
  • Mechanical prosthetic valves require special anticoagulation management.

Study Session 6.3 — Infective Endocarditis & Structural Complications

Focused MCCQE cardiovascular study session

60–75 min

Core topics & learning goals

  • Recognize risk factors, persistent bacteremia, embolic/immunologic findings and new regurgitation.
  • Obtain appropriate blood cultures before antibiotics when the patient is stable enough.
  • Use TTE/TEE appropriately.
  • Recognize abscess, HF, emboli and persistent infection as major complications.
  • Know broad prophylaxis principles for highest-risk patients/procedures.

Clinical recognition & investigation

  • Suspect endocarditis with unexplained fever plus prosthetic valve, prior IE, injection drug use or new murmur.
  • Evaluate neurologic and systemic embolic complications.

Management & patient-safety priorities

  • Start targeted empiric therapy after cultures when indicated and involve specialists early.
  • Recognize when surgical evaluation is urgent.

MCCQE exam traps

  • A negative TTE does not always exclude IE when clinical suspicion is high.
  • Do not give prophylaxis for every murmur or routine dental procedure.